Nutritional knowledge, eating habits, factors affecting muscle damage, and antioxidant enzyme levels of Korean wrestlers.

PURPOSE: The aim in this study was to investigate the diet and nutritional knowledge of elite Korean wrestlers and verify the differences in their exercise performance , muscle damage indicators, and antioxidant enzyme levels according to wrestler level. METHODS: A 7-day dietary and nutrition knowledge survey was administered to 30 adult male elite wrestlers (national team: n=11; professional team: n=19). The Wingate test was conducted for 60 seconds to analyze muscle damage indicators and antioxidant levels. Blood and blood lactate concentration analyses were performed four times; the statistical significance level of all data was p<0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) scores (p=0.043), diet (p=0.001), anaerobic performance (p=0.001), muscle damage indicators (p=0.026), antioxidant levels, and blood lactic acid concentrations (30 min after exercise, p=0.007; 90 min after exercise, p=0.038) between the national and the professional groups. CONCLUSION: To the findings confirm the relationship between the differences in diet, nutrition, and motor function for wrestlers of different expertise levels. In a follow-up, a comprehensive study on nutrition knowledge, athlete training , and weight loss is needed that considers a wider scope of subjects and analyzes additional variables.

Exercise-induced cardiac troponin elevations and cardiac ventricular dysfunction assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography and speckle tracking among non-elite runners in Beijing marathon.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the major determinants of cardiac troponin changes response to exercise among non-elite runners participating in the Beijing 2022 marathon, with a particular focus on the associations with the cardiac function assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography and speckle tracking. DESIGN: A prospective study. METHODS: A total of 33 non-elite participants in the 2022 Beijing Marathon were included in the study. Echocardiographic assessment and blood sample collection were conducted before, immediately after, and two weeks after the marathon. Blood samples were analyzed using the same Abbot high-sensitivity cTnI STAT assay. Echocardiography included tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS: Following the marathon, significant increases were observed in cardiac biomarkers, with hs-cTnI elevating from 3.1 [2.3-6.7] to 49.6 [32.5-76.9] ng/L (P < 0.0001). Over 72 % of participants had post-race hs-TnI levels surpassing the 99th percentile upper reference limit. There was a notable correlation between pre-marathon hs-cTnI levels (ß coefficient, 0.56 [0.05, 1.07]; P = 0.042), weekly average training (ß coefficient, -1.15 [-1.95, -0.35]; P = 0.009), and hs-cTnI rise post-marathon. Echocardiography revealed significant post-race cardiac function changes, including decreased E/A ratio (P < 0.0001), GWI (P < 0.0001), and GCW (P < 0.0001), with LVEF (ß coefficients, 0.112 [0.01, 0.21]; P = 0.042) and RV GLS (ß coefficients, 0.124 [0.01, 0.23]; P = 0.035) changes significantly associated with hs-TnI alterations. All echocardiographic and laboratory indicators reverted to baseline levels within two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline hs-cTnI levels and weekly average training influence exercise-induced hs-cTnI elevation in non-elite runners. Echocardiography revealed post-race changes in cardiac function, with LVEF and RV GLS significantly associated with hs-TnI alterations. These findings contribute to understanding the cardiac response to exercise and could guide training and recovery strategies.

Association of iron supplementation, HFE and AMPD1 polymorphisms and biochemical iron metabolism parameters in the performance of a men's World Tour cycling team: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional strategies with iron supplementation have been shown to be effective in preventing the decline of blood biochemical parameters and sports performance. The aim of the study was to describe biochemical iron metabolism parameters in association with iron supplementation and HFE and AMPD1 polymorphisms in a Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) World Tour cycling team to evaluate performance during a whole season METHODS: Twenty-eight professional men cyclists took part in this longitudinal observational pilot study. AMPD1 c.34 C>T (rs17602729) and HFE c.187 C>G (rs1799945) polymorphisms were genotyped using Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). All the professional cyclists took oral iron supplementation throughout the season. Four complete blood analyses were carried out corresponding to UCI controls in January (1st), April (2nd), June (3rd) and October (4th). Data on participation in three-week Grand Tours, kms of competition and wins were analyzed. RESULTS: In performance, especially in wins, there was a significant effect in HFE on biochemical hemoglobin (F = 4.255; p = 0.021) and biochemical hematocrit (F = 5.335; p = 0.009) and a hematocrit biochemical × genotype interaction (F = 3.418; p = 0.041), with higher values in professional cyclist with GC genotype. In AMPD1 there were significant effects in the biochemical iron x genotype interaction in three-week Grand Tours (F = 3.874; p = 0.029) and wins (F = 3.930; p = 0.028) CONCLUSIONS: Blood biochemical iron metabolism parameters could be related to performance in the season due to increasing hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration under iron supplementation, associated with winning in the professional cyclists with GC genotype of the HFE polymorphism.

Low specificity of Aspergillus spp. ELITe MGB assay, and potential risks in management of invasive aspergillosis.

Objectives: In recent years, commercial molecular tools for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis have emerged, requiring evaluation to ensure quality. Here we assessed the specificity of Aspergillus spp.-ELITe MGB Assay a commercial assay tergeting 18S gene of Aspergillus spp. Design and methods: As part of a method validation, we evaluate the specificity of the Aspergillus spp.-ELITe MGB Assay by testing fourteen culture based samples of sequenced non-Aspergillus fungal species. The benefits of a pre-lysis treatment was evaluated in parallel on serial dilutions of an Aspergillus fumigatus strain. Results: Our findings revealed cross-reactivity in five strains using the 50 copies/mL cut-off recommended by the manufacturer, suggesting potential diagnostic errors and inappropriate management of patients. Pre-lysis treatment does not affect the limit of detection at serial dilution. Conclusions: In conclusion, the Aspergillus spp. ELITe MGB Assay exhibits limited specificity in culture-based samples, underscoring the importance of careful utilization in laboratories. Further studies are warranted to better comprehend of the impact of this cross-reactivity on clinical samples.

An innovative 12-lead resting electrocardiogram dataset in professional football.

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and innovative 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) dataset tailored to understand the unique needs of professional football players. Other ECG datasets are available but collected from common people, normally with diseases confirmed, while it is well known that ECG characteristics change in athletes and elite players as a result of their intense long-term physical training. This initiative is part of a broader research project employing machine learning (ML) to analyse ECG data in this athlete population and explore them according to the International criteria for ECG interpretation in athletes. The dataset is generated through the establishment of a prospective observational cohort consisting of 54 male football players from La Liga, representing a UEFA Pro-level team. Named the Pro-Football 12-lead Resting Electrocardiogram Database (PF12RED), it comprises 163 10-s ECG recordings, offering a detailed examination of the at-rest heart activity of professional football athletes. Data collection spans five phases over multiple seasons, including the 2018-2019 postseason, the 2019-20 preseason, the 2020-21 preseason, and the 2021-22 preseason. Athletes undergo medical evaluations that include a 10-s resting 12-lead ECG performed with General Electric's USB-CAM 14 module (https://co.services.gehealthcare.com/gehcstorefront/p/900995-002), with data saved using General Electric's CardioSoft V6.73 12SL V21 ECG Software. (https://www.gehealthcare.es/products/cardiosoft-v7) The data collection adheres to ethical principles, with clearance granted by the Autonomous Community of Andalusia Ethics Committee (Spain) under protocol number 1573-N-19 in December 2019. Participants provide informed consent, and data sharing is permitted following anonymization. The study aligns with the Declaration of Helsinki and adheres to the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The generated dataset serves as a valuable resource for research in sports cardiology and cardiac health. Its potential for reuse encompasses:1.International Comparison: Enabling cross-regional comparisons of cardiac characteristics among elite football players, enriching international studies.2.ML Model Development: Facilitating the development and refinement of machine learning models for arrhythmia detection, serving as a benchmark dataset.3.Validation of Diagnostic Methods: Allowing the validation of automatic diagnostic methods, contributing to enhanced accuracy in detecting cardiac conditions.4.Research in Sports Cardiology: Supporting future investigations into specific cardiac adaptations in elite athletes and their relation to cardiovascular health.5.Reference for Athlete Protection Policies: Influencing athlete protection policies by providing data on cardiac health and suggesting guidelines for medical assessments.6.Health Professionals Training: Serving as a training resource for health professionals interested in interpreting ECGs in sports contexts.7.Tool and Application Development: Facilitating the development of tools and applications related to the visualization, simulation and analysis of ECG signals in athletes.

Return to play and athletic performance in division I female volleyball players following anterior cruciate ligament injury.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine NCAA Division I volleyball players' return to play rates and performance statistics compared to pre-injury levels following ACL injury. METHODS: Female volleyball players that sustained ACL injuries from 2008 to 2020 and competed in one of seven collegiate conferences (n = 99) were identified via an internet search algorithm. Players were categorized by position, academic year, and playing time pre- and post-injury. Post-injury performance statistics were gathered for a subset of outside hitters and middle blockers that played in ≥35 sets in a single season for up to 3 years following injury (mean 1.7 seasons). A control group (n = 512) was generated for demographic and statistical comparison. Mean pre-injury and post-injury statistics were compared for players that did not change positions and played ≥35 sets before and after injury. RESULTS: Volleyball attackers were 54.7% of the control population but sustained 78.8% of identified injuries. Following ACL injury, 6.1% of players registered no in-game statistics, 16.2% played in <35 sets, 65.7% played in ≥35 sets, and 12.1% graduated. Mean performance statistics increased linearly the more years players were from ACL injury. CONCLUSIONS: Female collegiate volleyball players return to play following ACL injury at high rates (93.1%) and maintain pre-injury performance levels. Volleyball attackers sustain ACL injuries more commonly than setters and libero/defensive specialists.

Self-regulation training improves stress resilience in elite pre-pubescent female gymnasts.

Introduction: In the context of young female athletes, namely elite gymnasts, effective stress management strategies not only enhance performance, but also reduce the risk of injuries and promote overall well-being. This study aims to investigate the effects of biofeedback-based training on stress management in prepubescent elite female gymnasts, recognizing its pivotal role in promoting healthy growth and proper training load management. Methods: Eight elite young female athletes from a top flight French national league club participated in an experimental condition involving four-week biofeedback training program to improve self-regulation skills, during both rest and stress phases. Additionally, each subject experienced a control condition, with entailed exposure to domain-specific motivational videos. Comprehensive evaluations of physiological parameters were conducted to assess the impact of biofeedback training, both before and after the training, as well as during the stress and recovery phases. Furthermore, an interoceptive body awareness test, using the MAIA questionnaire, was performed. Results: The results highlight a significant enhancement of the self-regulatory skills of the gymnasts in managing the selected physiological parameters-peripheral temperature (p < 0.05) and blood volume pressure (p < 0.05)-after the biofeedback treatment. Moreover, psychological data from the MAIA questionnaire revealed a noteworthy increase in interoceptive awareness (p < 0.001), particularly in the subscales of Not Distracting (p < 0.001), Attention regulation (p < 0.05), Emotional awareness (p < 0.05), and Self-regulation (p < 0.05). Discussion: Thus, we conclude that biofeedback training improves self-regulatory and psychological resilience under stressful conditions, while reducing sensitivity to gymnastics-specific stress.

Impact of surgical risk factors for non-union on lumbar spinal fusion outcomes using cellular bone allograft at 24-months follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The current report investigates fusion rates and patient-reported outcomes following lumbar spinal surgery using cellular bone allograft (CBA) in patients with risk factors for non-union. METHODS: A prospective, open label study was conducted in subjects undergoing lumbar spinal fusion with CBA (NCT02969616) to assess fusion success rates and patient-reported outcomes in subjects with risk factors for non-union. Subjects were categorized into low-risk (≤ 1 risk factors) and high-risk (> 1 risk factors) groups. Radiographic fusion status was evaluated by an independent review of dynamic radiographs and CT scans. Patient-reported outcome measures included quality of life (EQ-5D), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analog Scales (VAS) for back and leg pain. Adverse event reporting was conducted throughout 24-months of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 274 subjects were enrolled: 140 subjects (51.1%) were categorized into the high-risk group (> 1 risk factor) and 134 subjects (48.9%) into the low-risk group (≤ 1 risk factors). The overall mean age at screening was 58.8 years (SD 12.5) with a higher distribution of females (63.1%) than males (36.9%). No statistical difference in fusion rates were observed between the low-risk (90.0%) and high-risk (93.9%) groups (p > 0.05). A statistically significant improvement in patient-reported outcomes (EQ-5D, ODI and VAS) was observed at all time points (p < 0.05) in both low and high-risk groups. The low-risk group showed enhanced improvement at multiple timepoints in EQ-5D, ODI, VAS-Back pain and VAS-Leg pain scores compared to the high-risk group (p < 0.05). The number of AEs were similar among risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates high fusion rates following lumbar spinal surgery using CBA, regardless of associated risk factors. Patient reported outcomes and fusion rates were not adversely affected by risk factor profiles. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02969616 (21/11/2016).

High time to enhance dancer welfare: a call to action to improve safeguarding and abuse prevention in dance.

While there is a lack of research into abuse in elite dance, numerous allegations of emotional, sexual and physical abuse of dancers can be found anecdotally in the media, legal convictions and personal accounts. As more dancers speak out, the scale of the problem within preprofessional schools and professional companies is becoming apparent. Accordingly, effective safeguarding mechanisms for preventing, identifying and reporting abuse are urgently needed. This viewpoint is intended to raise health professionals' awareness of factors contributing to abusive practices found in dance environments and the potential clinical implications of abuse to dancers' health and well-being. We also call for research and policy engagement on safeguarding and abuse prevention designed and implemented in partnership with stakeholders, aiming to promote safe and positive dance environments for all.

Sand cat swarm optimization algorithm and its application integrating elite decentralization and crossbar strategy.

Sand cat swarm optimization algorithm is a meta-heuristic algorithm created to replicate the hunting behavior observed by sand cats. The presented sand cat swarm optimization method (CWXSCSO) addresses the issues of low convergence precision and local optimality in the standard sand cat swarm optimization algorithm. It accomplished this through the utilization of elite decentralization and a crossbar approach. To begin with, a novel dynamic exponential factor is introduced. Furthermore, throughout the developmental phase, the approach of elite decentralization is incorporated to augment the capacity to transcend the confines of the local optimal. Ultimately, the crossover technique is employed to produce novel solutions and augment the algorithm's capacity to emerge from local space. The techniques were evaluated by performing a comparison with 15 benchmark functions. The CWXSCSO algorithm was compared with six advanced upgraded algorithms using CEC2019 and CEC2021. Statistical analysis, convergence analysis, and complexity analysis use statistics for assessing it. The CWXSCSO is employed to verify its efficacy in solving engineering difficulties by handling six traditional engineering optimization problems. The results demonstrate that the upgraded sand cat swarm optimization algorithm exhibits higher global optimization capability and demonstrates proficiency in dealing with real-world optimization applications.

Pregnancy Management in HIV Viral Controllers: Twenty Years of Experience.

(1) Background: The evidence base for the management of spontaneous viral controllers in pregnancy is lacking. We describe the management outcomes of pregnancies in a series of UK women with spontaneous HIV viral control (<100 copies/mL 2 occasions before or after pregnancy off ART). (2) Methods: A multi-centre, retrospective case series (1999-2021) comparing pre- and post-2012 when guidelines departed from zidovudine-monotherapy (ZDVm) as a first-line option. Demographic, virologic, obstetric and neonatal information were anonymised, collated and analysed in SPSS. (3) Results: A total of 49 live births were recorded in 29 women, 35 pre-2012 and 14 post. HIV infection was more commonly diagnosed in first reported pregnancy pre-2012 (15/35) compared to post (2/14), p = 0.10. Pre-2012 pregnancies were predominantly managed with ZDVm (28/35) with pre-labour caesarean section (PLCS) (24/35). Post-2012 4/14 received ZDVm and 10/14 triple ART, p = 0.002. Post-2012 mode of delivery was varied (5 vaginal, 6 PLCS and 3 emergency CS). No intrapartum ZDV infusions were given post-2012 compared to 11/35 deliveries pre-2012. During pregnancy, HIV was detected (> 50 copies/mL) in 14/49 pregnancies (29%) (median 92, range 51-6084). Neonatal ZDV post-exposure prophylaxis was recorded for 45/49 infants. No transmissions were reported. (4) Conclusion: UK practice has been influenced by the change in guidelines, but this has had little impact on CS rates.

Dryland Performance Tests Are Not Good Predictors of World Aquatics Points in Elite Male and Female Swimmers.

Background: Swim performance can be reliant on strength and power. Standardisation of swim performance in different events, distances, and sexes can be completed using World Aquatics points, allowing for ranking of swimmers. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess whether relationships between World Aquatics points and dryland markers of performance existed in male and female elite swimmers separately and combined. Methods: Dryland tests included Optojump® photoelectric cell countermovement jump, countermovement jump reach with a Vertec® system, standing broad jump using a tape measure, repetition maximum testing in the barbell back squat, barbell deadlift, and barbell bench press. Swim performance data and dryland test data on elite male (n = 38) and female (n = 20) Scottish swimmers from 2009-2017 were collected. Swim performance data were converted to World Aquatics federation points, and Bayesian linear regression analyses examined relationships between World Aquatics points and dryland performance tests: countermovement jump height (cm) using an Optojump® photoelectric cells system, countermovement jump height (cm) using a Vertec® device, standing broad jump distance (cm), relative strength (load lifted (kg) per kg of body mass) in the barbell bench press (kg/kg), barbell back squat (kg/kg), barbell deadlift (kg/kg). Results: The Bayesian estimates of change of World Aquatics points for a unit change in jump-based measures were: Optojump®-men = 0.6, women = 0.6, combined = 0.4; Vertec®-men = 4.3, women = -1.6, combined = 2.4; standing broad jump-men = 0, women = 0, combined = 0.4. Strength-based measures were: barbell back squat-men = 2.3, women = 22, combined = -2.5; barbell deadlift-men = -5; barbell bench press-men = 41.8. Conclusions: Dryland performance tests are not good predictors of World Aquatics points and should rather be used for assessing training quality and monitoring injury risks.

Practical considerations for continuous glucose monitoring in elite athletes with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) refers to a metabolic condition where a lack of insulin impairs the usual homeostatic mechanisms to control blood glucose levels. Historically, participation in competitive sport has posed a challenge for those with T1DM, where the dynamic changes in blood glucose during exercise can result in dangerously high (hyperglycaemia) or low blood glucoses (hypoglycaemia) levels. Over the last decade, research and technological development has enhanced the methods of monitoring and managing blood glucose levels, thus reducing the chances of experiencing hyper- or hypoglycaemia during exercise. The introduction of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems means that glucose can be monitored conveniently, without the need for frequent fingerpick glucose checks. CGM devices include a fine sensor inserted under the skin, measuring levels of glucose in the interstitial fluid. Readings can be synchronized to a reader or mobile phone app as often as every 1-5 min. Use of CGM devices is associated with lower HbA1c and a reduction in hypoglycaemic events, promoting overall health and athletic performance. However, there are limitations to CGM, which must be considered when being used by an athlete with T1DM. These limitations can be addressed by individualized education plans, using protective equipment to prevent sensor dislodgement, as well as further research aiming to: (i) account for disparities between CGM and true blood glucose levels during vigorous exercise; (ii) investigate the effects of temperature and altitude on CGM accuracy, and (iii) explore of the sociological impact of CGM use amongst sportspeople without diabetes on those with T1DM.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between ACTN3 R577X Genotypes and Performance in Endurance Versus Power Athletes and Non-athletes.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported differences in genotype frequency of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms (rs1815739; RR, RX and XX) in athletes and non-athletic populations. This systematic review with meta-analysis assessed ACTN3 R577X genotype frequencies in power versus endurance athletes and non-athletes. METHODS: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus) were searched for research articles published until December 31st, 2022. Studies were included if they reported the frequency of the ACTN3 R577X genotypes in power athletes (e.g., weightlifters) and if they included a comparison with endurance athletes (e.g., long-distance runners) or non-athletic controls. A meta-analysis was then performed using either fixed or random-effects models. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were determined. Heterogeneity was detected using I2 and Cochran's Q tests. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis tests were computed. RESULTS: After screening 476 initial registrations, 25 studies were included in the final analysis (13 different countries; 14,541 participants). In power athletes, the RX genotype was predominant over the two other genotypes: RR versus RX (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.57-0.85, p = 0.0005), RR versus XX (OR 4.26; 95% CI 3.19-5.69, p < 0.00001), RX versus XX (OR 6.58; 95% CI 5.66-7.67, p < 0.00001). The R allele was higher than the X allele (OR 2.87; 95% CI 2.35-3.50, p < 0.00001) in power athletes. Additionally, the frequency of the RR genotype was higher in power athletes than in non-athletes (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.25-1.75, p < 0.00001). The RX genotype was similar in both groups (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-1.00, p = 0.06). The XX genotype was lower in power athletes than in controls (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.64-0.84, p < 0.00001). Furthermore, the R allele frequency was higher in power athletes than in controls (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.19-1.38, p < 0.00001). Conversely, a higher frequency of X allele was observed in the control group compared to power athletes (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.73-0.84, p < 0.00001). On the other hand, the frequency of the RR genotype was higher in power athletes than in endurance athletes (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.09-1.49, p = 0.003). The frequency of the RX genotype was similar in both groups (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.93-1.24, p = 0.36). In contrast, the frequency of the XX genotype was lower in power athletes than in endurance athletes (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.52-0.76, p < 0.00001). In addition, the R allele was higher in power athletes than in endurance athletes (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.11-1.57, p = 0.002). However, the X allele was higher in endurance athletes compared to power athletes (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.64-0.90, p = 0.002). Finally, the genotypic and allelic frequency of ACTN3 genes were similar in male and female power athletes. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of the frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X genotypes in power athletes was RX > RR > XX. However, the RR genotype and R allele were overrepresented in power athletes compared to non-athletes and endurance athletes. These data suggest that the RR genotype and R allele, which is associated with a normal expression of α-actinin-3 in fast-twitch muscle fibers, may offer some benefit in improving performance development in muscle strength and power.

The Impact of Injury on Career Progression in Elite Youth Football-Findings at 10 Years.

Background: There is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of time loss, match exposure, and age at injury on career progression in elite football. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify injury characteristics and their influence on career progression in a German youth academy. Methods: During the 2012/2013 season, a prospective cohort study reported 107 time-loss injuries among 130 young athletes from an elite German soccer academy. Individual career progression was analyzed using 10-year data. Results: Injuries and time loss were not associated with career progression (p > 0.05) in the overall cohort. In the U17 and U19 groups, 24% were able to reach the professional level, with injuries significantly decreasing this probability (p = 0.002). Injuries lasting more than 28 days had a negative impact on career progression compared to minor injuries (30% vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Not only the characteristics of injuries, but also their impact on career development, vary with age. In the U17 and U19 age groups, serious injuries resulting in more than 28 days of absence have a negative impact on career progression. It is important to be aware of these effects in order to focus on the prevention of long-term injuries to ensure the optimal development of young athletes.

A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of the Motivational Climate and Hedonic Well-Being Constructs: The Importance of the Athlete Level.

Motivational climate is known to relate to individual behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Hedonic or subjective well-being includes self-assessed positive affect (i.e., pleasant affect, moods, and emotions), negative affect (i.e., unpleasant affect, moods, and emotions), and life or domain-specific satisfaction. The aim of this review was to quantify the relationships between task and ego motivational climate scales and measures representing hedonic well-being with sports participants. Potential moderators of the motivational climate and hedonic well-being were examined. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID CRD42023470462, registered 28 October 2023). From five relevant databases, one relevant review, and hand searching, 82 articles totaling 26,378 participants (46.3% female) met the inclusion criteria. The articles spanned publication dates from 1993 to 2023, representing 18 countries, various team and individual sports, and athletes competing in elite (e.g., Olympic) to grassroot (e.g., club sport) competitions. To meta-analyze the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships, the random-effects model was used. For the moderation analyses, the mixed-effects model was used. The task or mastery climate relationships were medium in magnitude with positive affect and satisfaction and small with negative affect. The ego or performance climate relationships were small in magnitude for positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction. Evidence of bias existed in the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships. For moderation analyses, athlete level (i.e., elite vs. non-elite) moderated (p < 0.05) the task (elite, r = 0.23; non-elite, r = 0.34) and ego motivational climate (elite, r = -0.02; non-elite, r = -0.13) and positive affect and satisfaction combined relationships. In conclusion, the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships were stronger for the task climate than for the ego climate. The finding that elite athlete correlations appeared dampened is important for future research. Even with the damped relationships, practitioners, from the Olympics to local clubs, should ensure the promotion of the task climate to maximize positive affect and satisfactions in and around the sport experience.

[Injury prevention in football : A challenge for team doctors and coaching team]. / Verletzungsprävention im Fußball : Herausforderung für Teamärzte und Trainerteam.

High injury rates and long injury-related downtimes demonstrate the need for effective and differentiated injury prevention strategies in football. Preventive measures should take place in various fields and should not be reduced to training programmes or medical approaches. The so-called "Big 6 of injury prevention" provide an overview of the key areas that should be addressed. In modern sports medicine, it should be a matter of course that the team doctor already participates in the primary prevention strategies and does not only get involved in the post-traumatic treatment. Similarly, a decision on a player's return to play after an injury should not be based solely on the medical assessment of the team doctor. Good communication and interdisciplinary cooperation, therefore, form the basis for successful prevention.

Shoulder dislocations in professional male football (soccer): A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the German Bundesliga from season 2012/2013 until 2022/2023.

PURPOSE: Injuries exert a detrimental impact on the team performance in professional football. Shoulder dislocations are known for their severity and often cause substantial lay-off times. However, there is a notable gap in the general understanding regarding the frequency and convalescence of these events in professional football. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to determine the incidence, (2) to evaluate return to competition (RTC) and redislocation events (RDEs) and (3) to identify relevant player-, match- and injury-related parameters. METHODS: All shoulder dislocations within the highest three German football leagues (1.-3. Bundesliga) during the seasons 2012/2013 until 2022/2023 were identified. Player-, injury- and match-related data were obtained by performing a media analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. p Value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 90 first-time shoulder dislocations in 89 players with a median age of 25 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23-28) were available for analysis. The incidence was 9.1 per 1000 Bundesliga matches played and increased over time. Forty-four (49%) shoulder dislocations were treated conservatively and 46 (51%) operatively. Median RTC was 24 days (IQR: 12-43) following conservative and 103 days (IQR: 85-135) following surgical treatment (p < 0.001). Twenty-two (24%) players suffered a redislocation, of whom 13 (59%) underwent initial conservative and nine (41%) initial surgical treatment (not significant [n.s.]). RDE following conservative treatment was after a median of 4 months (IQR: 2-22) and 7 months (IQR: 3-23) following surgical treatment (n.s.). CONCLUSION: The incidence of shoulder dislocation within professional football is increasing and currently amounts to 9.1 per 1000 matches played. A conservative treatment leads to a quicker RTC, while frequency and time to RDE were similar regardless of treatment. The increasing incidence of shoulder dislocations in professional football necessitates an analysis of relevant injury mechanisms and the implementation of specific preventive measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Dynamic and stationary monitoring of air pollutant exposures and dose during marathons.

Marathon running significantly increases breathing volumes and, consequently, air pollution inhalation doses. This is of special concern for elite athletes who ventilate at very high rates. However, race organizers and sport governing bodies have little guidance to support events scheduling to protect runners. A key limitation is the lack of hyper-local, high temporal resolution air quality data representative of exposure along the racecourse. This work aimed to understand the air pollution exposures and dose inhaled by athletes, by means of a dynamic monitoring methodology designed for road races. Air quality monitors were deployed during three marathons, monitoring nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PMx), air temperature, and relative humidity. One fixed monitor was installed at the Start/Finish line and one mobile monitor followed the women elite runner pack. The data from the fixed monitors, deployed prior the race, described daily air pollution trends. Mobile monitors in combination with heatmap analysis facilitated the hyper-local characterization of athletes' exposures and helped identify local hotspots (e.g., areas prone to PM resuspension) which should be preferably bypassed. The estimation of inhaled doses disaggregated by gender and ventilation showed that doses inhaled by last finishers may be equal or higher than those inhaled by first finishers for O3 and PMx, due to longer exposures as well as the increase of these pollutants over time (e.g., 58.2 ± 9.6 and 72.1 ± 23.7 µg of PM2.5 for first and last man during Rome marathon). Similarly, men received significantly higher doses than women due to their higher ventilation rate, with differences of 31-114 µg for NO2, 79-232 µg for O3, and 6-41 µg for PMx. Finally, the aggregated data obtained during the 4 week- period prior the marathon can support better race scheduling by the organizers and provide actionable information to mitigate air pollution impacts on athletes' health and performance.

Kinematic characteristics of elbow joint range of motion in elite Chinese freestyle swimmers with elbow pain during dry-land simulations of swimming strokes.

The aim of this study was to obtain quantitative data on elbow joint ROM in elite freestyle swimmers with EP in China. Of the 50 elite freestyle swimmers recruited, 41 completed all measurements during dry-land swimming stroke simulations. Elbow joint angle, velocity, and acceleration were measured using inertial measurement units. The RMSE/D was calculated to determine the elbow joint ROM deviation. Joint angle (3.33 ∘-42.96 ∘), angular velocity (-364.15 to 245.69 ∘/s), and angular acceleration (-7051.80 to 1465.35 ∘/s2) were significantly different between the critical pain and healthy. The probability distributions of joint angle (15.47 ∘ ±14.54 ∘), angular velocity (2.41 ∘ ±111.06 ∘/s), and angular acceleration (1.93 ± 2222.6 ∘/s2) in the slight pain group were significantly different betweenhealthy and critical pain. The RMSE/D distributions of angular velocity (28.3%) and acceleration (21.48%) in the critical pain deviated from the healthy. The peak value-RMSE/D matrix model obtained proved that elbow ROM significantly differed between the elite freestyle swimmers with EP and the healthy. Angular velocity and acceleration indicate the weakness and negative influence of kinematics on patients with EP. Thus, Potential solutions are to constantly optimise freestyle swimming techniques and strengthen the arm muscles.